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  WHAT PIPING ENGINEERING SHOULD KNOW ABOUT A piping engineer should have good knowledge about industrial process, mechanical, civil, electrical & instrumentation so as to discuss & understand the problem with the specialist. A piping engineer should have good knowledge of materials. A piping engineer should have good understanding of engineering economics & cost of method of pipe fabrication & erection. A piping engineer should have good knowledge of international codes & standards. Piping engineer should be well conversant with drafting procedures & practices.

 RESPONSIBILITY OF PIPING ENGINEER Piping engineer is responsible for accurate design Piping design must satisfy the P&ID & specification constraints. Standardization of engineering design method. To achieve adequate design at an economic cost. To co-ordinate with other departments. Co-ordination with the site. Much of the piping data is used by other engineering group so it must be correct, clear, consistent & reliable. To complete the project within the planned completion period.

 INTRODUCTION TO PIPING SYSTEM A pipe can be defined as a tube made of metal, plastic, wood, concrete or fiberglass. Pipes are used to carry liquids, gases, slurries, or fine particles. A piping system is generally considered to include the complete interconnection of pipes, including in-line components such as pipe fittings and flanges. Pumps, heat exchanges, valves and tanks are also considered part of piping system. Piping systems are the arteries of our industrial processes and the contribution of piping systems are essential in an industrialized society. Fig. 1 illustrates the magnitude of piping required in a typical chemical process plant. Piping systems accounts for a significant portion of the total plant cost, at times as much as one-third of the total investment. Piping systems arranged within a very confined area can be added challenge to piping and support engineers.

 Cold Spring.  Cold spring is the intentional deformation of piping during assembly to produce a desired initial displacement and reaction. Cold spring is beneficial in that it serves to balance the magnitude of the reaction under initial and extreme displacement conditions. When cold spring is properly applied there is less likelihood of overstrain during initial operation; hence, it is recommended especially for piping materials of limited ductility. There is also less deviation from as installed dimensions during initial operation, so that hangers will not be displaced as far from their original settings. Inasmuch as the service life of a piping system is affected more by the range of stress variation than by the magnitude of stress at a given time, no credit for cold spring is permitted in stress range calculations. However, in calculating the thrusts and moments where actual reactions as well as their range of variations are significant, credit is given for cold spring.

  Structure of the Indian Banking System The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of the country and regulates the banking system of India. The structure of the banking system of India can be broadly divided into scheduled banks, non-scheduled banks, and development banks. Banks that are included in the second schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, of  1934 are considered to be scheduled banks. The Indian Banking System includes commercial banks, regional rural banks, urban cooperative banks, and primary agricultural credit societies. India’s modern banking began in the 18th century. The State Bank of India is the biggest and oldest surviving bank. It began as the Bank of Calcutta in mid-June 1806. Today it is one of the largest lenders in the country. The Indian subcontinent reaped the benefits of a favourable trade balance, with exports outnumbering imports by wide percentages.  

  BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA- AN OVERVIEW Introduction             The Indian financial system in the pre-reform period (i.e., prior to the Gulf crisis of 1991), essentially catered to the needs of planned development in a mixed-economy framework where the public sector had a dominant role in economic activity. The strategy of planned economic development required huge development expenditure, which was met through the Government’s dominance of ownership of banks, automatic monetization of fiscal deficit, and, subjecting the banking sector to large pre-emptions – both in terms of the statutory holding of Government securities (statutory liquidity ratio, or SLR) and cash reserve ratio (CRR). Besides, there was a complex structure of administered interest rates guided by social concerns, resulting in cross-subsidization. These not only distorted the interest rate mechanism but also adversely affected the viability and profitabilit...

  INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH DESIGN OF THE STUDY Introduction             Credit management helps to analyze the important methods toreduce the various risks associated with the granting of loans and advances. This helps to determine the financial strength of the borrowers, estimating the probability of default and reducing the risk of non-repayment to an acceptable level. In general, credit evaluations are based on the loan officer's subjective assessment.               The process of credit management begins with accurately assessing the credit worthiness of the customer base and his or her business viability. This is particularly important if the company chooses to extend some type of credit line or revolving credit to certain customers. Hence, proper credit management is setting specific criteria that a customer must meet before receiving the proposed credit a...

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION               With the unavoidable shortage of fossil fuel sources in the future, renewable types of energy have become a topic of interest for researchers, technicians, investors and decision makers all around the world. New types of energy that are getting attention include hydroelectricity, bio-energy, solar, wind and geothermal energy, tidal power and wave power. Because of their renewability, they are considered as favourable replacements for fossil fuel sources. Among those types of energy, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the most available resources. This technology has been adopted more widely for residential use nowadays, thanks to research and development activities to improve solar cells’ performance and lower the cost. According to International Energy Agency (IEA), worldwide PV capacity has grown at 49% per year on average since early 2000s. Solar PV energy is highly exp...