LM World

CHEMICAL TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF UNORGANIZED DRUGS Chemical test for  Acacia =Indian gum Organoleptic test: Appearance: Crystalline                                                          agar, acacia Colour: Pale yellow                                                                 acacia Odour: Odourless                                                                   acacia Taste: Bland and mucilaginous                                               acacia Solubility: Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol                    acacia Chemical test: Prepare a solution of acacia by adding 10ml of water to 0.5gm of acacia, stirring well. Use this solution for following test. SI.No. Test Observation Inference 1. Solubility Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol Gum acacia present 2. To 2ml solution add 50mg of borax, boil and cool Stiff translucent mass is f

ROOT:RAUWOLFIA AIM: To study the histological characters of Rauwolfia Root. Requirements: Chemicals: Chloralhydrate solution, Phloroglucinol solution, conc. HCl, glycerine, Dil. Iodine solution Glasswares: Micro slides, cover slips, compound microscope, watch glass. Crude drugs: Rauwolfia root Description: TS of the root represent a circular outline with typical stratified cork and other secondary features. Following are the tissues seen from the periphery to the center. ROOT: PERIDERM: I)        Cork II)     Phellogen III) Phelloderm ·          Starch grain ·          Calcium oxalate crystal SECONDARY PHLOEM: SECONDRY XYLEM: 1.       Xylem vessel 2.       Xylem fibre 3.       Xylem parenchyma 4.       Medullary rays PERIDERM: Cork: Stratified cork consists of smaller and unlignified cells up to 8 to 10 rows in radial depth and large lignified cells up to 5 to 7 rows in radial depth. All the stratified cork cells cont

STEM:EPHEDRA AIM: To study the histological characters of   Ephedra stem. Requirements: Chemicals: Chloralhydrate solution, Phloroglucinol solution, conc. HCl, glycerine. Glasswares: Micro slides, cover slips, compound microscope, watch glass. Crude drugs: Ephedra stem Description: T.S of the Ephedra shows following important tissues from the periphery to the center. Epidermis: It is outer most layer and is one celled thick. It is covered with thick cuticle. Epidermis is made up of quadrangular cells of parenchyma. Stomata is sunken in nature.   Cortex: 2 to 3 layers of cortical parenchyma appearing like loosely arranged palisade cells containing chloroplast. Group of unlignified fibres appearing like a bunch of grapes occur below the ridges where no palisade like cells are found. Scattered lignified fibres either isolated or in groups of 2 to 4 occur in the inner layers of cortical parenchyma. Calcium oxalate crystals are abundent. P

RHIZOME:GINGER AIM:                                                   To identify Ginger rhizome by studying its histological characters. Requirements: Chemicals: Chloralhydrate solution, Phloroglucinol solution, conc. HCl, glycerine, Dil. Iodine solution Glasswares: Micro slides, cover slips, compound microscope, watch glass. Crude drugs: Ginger rhizome Description: A cross section of unpeeled mature rhizome broadly consist of following tissues from the periphery to the center. ·          Cork ·          Cortex ·          Endodermis ·          Ground tissue CORK: Cork is devided into outer cork and inner cork Outer cork It consists of paremchymatous cells which are irregylarly arranged few layer ( 3 to 4 layers )of outer cork is dark brown in colour , made up of irregular parenchymatous cells. Inner cork It consists of parenchymatous cells which are radially arranged in 2 to 4 layers, usually colourless. CORTEX: It is differe

BARK: CASSIA BARK AIM: To study the histological characters of   Cassia bark. Requirements: Chemicals: Chloralhydrate solution, Phloroglucinol solution, conc. HCl, glycerine. Glasswares: Micro slides, cover slips, compound microscope, watch glass. Crude drug: Cassia bark Description: TS of the cassia is broadly described into Periderm, Cortex, a band of sclerenchyma and secondary phloem. Epidermis and cork are completely absent. Periderm: cork - Few layers of which the outer one are with thin walls and the inner ones are lignified and thick walled. Phellogen and phelloderm can not be distinguished either from each other or from the cork. Cortex: It consists of 10 to 15 layers of parenchyma in which sclerides are scattered isolated or in groups. Each scleride is rectangular and pitted with thickened inner and radial walls. Some of the parenchymatous cells contains minute acicular raphides and abundant starch. Sclerenchymatous band or Stone ce

     LEAF: DATURA AIM: To study the histological characters of   Datura leaf. Requirements: Chemicals: Chloralhydrate solution, Phloroglucinol solution, conc. HCl, glycerine. Glasswares: Micro slides, cover slips, compound microscope, watch glass. Description: TS of Datura leaf is devided in to 02 regions 1. Lamina region 2. Midrib region 1.LAMINA REGION Upper epidermis: The upper epidermis is covered with a smooth cuticle It has single layered cells rectangular with cuticularized outer walls. Upper eoidermis has number of stomata and trichomes. Stomata: Anisocytic or cruciferous type of stomata is present, in which 3 subsidiary cells surrounds 2 guard cells, in which one of the subsidiary cell nis smaller than the other two. Trichomes: Both covering and glandular trichomes are seen. Covering trichomes are uniseriate, multicellular, warty and blunt at the apex. Covering trichomes have 3 to 5 celled uniseriate stalk where as it is 8 celled