LM World

LUMBAR   PUNCTURE INTRODUCTION           It is the instrument which is inserted in the L4 and L5 (between these vertebrae) below the level of spinal cord to drain CSF or to give any medication. DEFINITION           Here there is the insertion of fine needle in between the lumbar vertebrates to drain and lower the CSF pressure or inject   any drug. PURPOSE Ø       It is used to decrease the volume of the CSF present in lumbar spine Ø       It is used for inserting any medication Ø       It decreases the brains supportive cushion Ø       Of subarachanoid haemorrhage Ø       Used for assessment of CSF analysis Ø       In Rx of meningitis INDICATIONS OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE           Lumbar puncture is indicated in the investigation of infections like Ø       Meningitis or encephalitis Ø       Subarachonoid haemorrhage Ø       Multiple slerosis Ø       Sarcoidosis Ø       Cerebral lupus Ø       Neurological malignancies like o        Carcinomato

PHOTOTHERAPHY DEFINITION           Phototheraphy is use of flouroscent light for breakdown of bilirubin. MEANING           Phototheraphy is the use of the flouroscent light on the infant exposed skin to convert the bilirubin into colourless nontoxic water soluble bilirubin. It is the main treatment for uncongugated hyper bilirubinemia. MECHANISM OF ACTION Ø       Phototheraphy acts by oxidizing the bilirubin Ø       Converting the uncongugated bilirubin to more soluble form of bilirubin by photo isomerism Ø       Converting the bilirubin to lumirubin, which is non toxic water soluble bilirubin which excreted through bile and urine. TECHNIQUE           Bilirubin absorbs light maximally in the blue range light of 420-500 nm, but blue lamps needs observations of the skin and cause. Headache and Nausea. Hence the combination of blue and white lamps are preferred. A unit with four special blue and four daylights will give effective irradiance. INDICATIONS    

OXYGEN THERAPY INTRODUCTION           Oxygen therapy means the administration of oxygen into the body by different ways. The oxygen is necessary to control anoxaemia which may be caused due to a lack of oxygen in the inspired air, depressed respiratory center, or inadequate gaseous exchange at the lung level.           Oxygen is started when the child suffers from tachypnoea, cyanosis or hypoxia. DEFINITION            Oxygen therapy is defined as the administration of oxygen into the body by different methods when there is lack of oxygen in the body or difficulty in respiration. METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF OXYGEN           There are mainly 5 methods are used to administer the oxygen. They are the following Nasal catheter Oxygen by mask Oxygen tent Oxygen hood Incubator 1. Nasal Catheter           This method may be used for older children. The catheter should be checked for the potency and the flow rate adjusted as prescribed. A catheter of n

TOOTH PASTE   AIM: To prepare and submits 10gm of Tooth Paste. FORMULA: S. No. Ingredients Qty for 100gm Qty for ____ gm 1 Precipitated Chalk 40 g 2 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 1.2 g 3 Glycerin 25 ml 4 Propylene Glycol 06 ml 5 Sodium Saccharin 0.05 g 6 Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose 01 g 7 Chloroform 0.5 ml 8 Propyl Paraben 0.02 g 9 Peppermint Oil Q.S 10 Water up to 100 g PRINCIPLE: Toothpaste is a dentifrice and its primary function is to remove adherent matter from the tooth surface with minimal damage to it. It is a common domestic cleaning preparation, which is normally prepared

TOOTH POWDER AIM: To prepare and submits 5gm of Tooth Powder. FORMULA: S. No. Ingredients Qty for 7gm Qty for ____ gm 1 Precipitated Chalk 81 g 2 Tricalcium Phosphate 10 g 3 Sodium Lauryl Sulphate 5 g 4 Sodium per Borate 2 g 5 Sodium Saccharin 2 g 6 Peppermint Oil Q.S PRINCIPLE: Tooth powder is the simplest & cheapest form of dentifrices compare to toothpaste. Tooth powder has less solubility problem in formulation because interaction between components is less in absence of water. Oxidizing agent & fluorides retain their effective concentration longer in tooth powder than in toothpaste. It contains abrasive such as precipitated chalk i.e.: calcium carbonate. It is used in small proportion and mixed with larg