ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the class, the student will acquire adequate knowledge of appropriate and develop skills in Administration of Medication.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

          Students will be able to;

1.    Define Injection

2.    Describe the types of injection

3.    Describe the purposes

4.    Explain the principles

5.    Describe the Articles

6.    Describe the preparation of the client and environment

7.    Describe sites of injections

8.    Explain the procedure

INTRODUCTION:

          Injection is a method of introducing liquid medication into various body tissue common method of injection are interdermal subcutenous, interavenous and intramuscular. We may give injection in various ways general equipment is a principles for apply for every method.

MEANING:

          Injections are medications given by parental routs or absorbed more rapidly and completely than the medications gives by other routes.

DEFINITIONS:

          Injection is the forcing of fluid into cavity, a blood vessel or a body tissue through a hallow tube or needle.

TYPES OF INJECTIONS:

1.    Subcutaneous injection: Medicines when introduced into the subcutaneous tissue or areolar tissues.

2.    Intradermal injection: Medicines when introduced into dermis, it is called intradermal.

3.    Intramuscular Injection: Medicines when injected into the muscles, it is called intramuscular injection.

4.    Intravenous injection: Medicine and fluids when introduced or taking out blood is called intravenous.

PURPOSES:

·        To get a rapid and systematic effect of the drug.

·        Provides the only means of administration for medication cannot be given by orally.

·        To obtain a local effect at the sight of the injection.

·        To give nourishment when it cannot be taken by mouth.

PRINCIPLES:

·        The knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the body is essential for the safe administration of injection.

·        To minimize pain

·        To aid in absorption of the drug.

·        If carelessly given, injections are means of introducing infection into the blood.

·        Organization and planning result in the economy of time, material and comfort.

PREPARATION OF THE ARTICLES

ARTICLES	PURPOSES
A clean tray containing
Syringes and needles of various size according to the need in a covered tray.	There should be minimum two needles, one to withdraw the other one to administrator the injection
Transfer forceps in a jar containing antiseptic solution	To handle the sterile articles
Sterile cotton swabs and gauze pieces in sterile container	To clean the skin at the site of injection
Methylated spirit in a container	To clean the skin
Bowel with water	To receive the used syringe and needles
Kidney tray and paper bag	To receive the wastes
Water for injection or distil water	To dilute the powdered medication
File to cut open the ampoules
Small covered tray	To carry the prepared injections

PREPARATION OF THE CLIENT AND ENVIRONMENT

·        Identify the client correctly.

·        Explain the procedure to the client to win the confidence, co-operation.

·        Provide the privacy with curtains and drapes, if needed.

·        As for as possible avoid meal timings

·        Place the client in comfortable and relaxed position suitable for to given injection

·        If the injection given in the buttocks, place the client in a prom position or a lateral position with the knee flexed.

SITES OF INJECTIONS

·        Dorsal Gluteal Site: Identity the greater trochanted of the femu and the posterior superior iliac, supine draw an imaginary line between this boney landmarks. Site will be upper and out guardant or divide the buttocks into four regions by imaginary lines. Upper and outer quadrant for intramuscular injection.

SUBCUTANEOUS SITE

·        The skin and underlying tissue are free of abnormalities

·        Not over bony prominenus

·        Subcutaneous usually given on the outer aspect of the upper arm, posterior chest wall below the scapular anterior abdominal wall from below, the breasts to the iliac crests, and the anterior and lateral aspect of the thigh.

INTRADERMAL SITE

·        Intradermal injection are given at the inner aspect of the lower arm, upper aspect of the anterior chest and upper aspect of the posterior chest.

PROCEDURE

STEPS	RATIONALE
Select the medications nead the physicians order copy it to the medicine card compare the label of the medicines with the medicines card and physicians orders.	Observe 5 rights of the administration of medication 1. Right patient 2. Right drug 3. Right dose 4. Right time 5. Right route
Wash hands	To prevent cross infection
Prepare the medications select appropriate syringe and need us, obtain spirit swab, select solvent	Syringe and needles are handle with the sterile forceps. In the stopper of the vial or ampoule to promote asepsis if the medication is in the powder form
Recheck the order medicines card with the label of the medicine and expiry data	Second safety check to prevent error
Calculate the dosage of the medication, the amount of the solvent to the added to obtain the required dosage	For the accuracy of medication, to prevent under dosage and overdosage of the medication
Take the solvent in the syringe and introduce it into vial or ampoule of medication after changing the top, opening them as directed	The medication should be in the form of solutions, otherwise it will be lost in the container
For intramuscular injection
Spread the tissue between the thumb and forefinger to make the skin taut. Needle is inserted at a 900 angle, holding the syringe in the right hand using a steady push in the needles with the right hand on the syringe, aspirates blood by pulling back. The piston with the left hand, if blood appears in the syringe, quickly withdraw the needles. If no blood comes, give the medication slowly by pushing the piston. Remove the needle quickly and massage the site for quick absorption of drug.	The needle should be long to reach muscle, long needle for the fatty people short needle for thin people. Insertion and withdraw of the needle should be gentle and quick to minimize the pain. Expect the air from the syringe by holding the syringe with needle vertical at the eye level, taking care not to expel drug
Subcutaneous Injection
The angle of insertion of subcutaneous injection. A 900 is normally used with a 5/8 inch needle for abse client
Intradermal Injection
The skin is held taut, by grasping it under the forearm with the level of the needle facing up, insert the needle at an angle to 150 to the skin. Inject the medication slowly to produce a wheet in the skin	In order to avoid errors in radiation, a control injection normal saline is given on the other arm and a careful record is kept
Intravenous Injection
Locate the vein and apply the tourniquent between the sit chosen and to heart to obliterable the venous circulation. By puling the skin taut, place the needle in line with vein at an angle of 15 to 450	The intravenous injection may be given when the drug is irritating to the tissue or if a quicker effect is desired
Follow the course of the vein and insert the needles into the vein. When back flows of blood occurs into the syringe release the towkniquet and inject the medication very slowly. Apply pressure at the site of the vein puncture with after the needle is withdraw.

CONCLUSION

          By injections only most important of the disease were cured. If any of the disease are not curved injected. Injection has specific and special role in prevention and controlling of disease.