INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING SERVICES - NURSING ASSIGNMENT
INTRODUCTION
Health and
disease knew no boundary on the globe.
Sir Paul. Russel Says Nothing on the earth is more international than
disease. If the disease breaks in the
form of epidemic in one part of the world, it is a treat to other parts of the
world too. Some of the international
health agencies are WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, International Redcross, CARE, Ford
Foundations, Rock Feller foundation, Colombo India
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
[WHO]
WHO is one of
the specialized agencies of United Nations, also it is a non-political health
agency, with headquarters in Geneva
The WHO is
not the World Health Service, but helps governments at their request and in
accordance with policies laid by world Health Assembly.
OBJECTIVES
The main
objective of the WHO is “the attainment by all people of the highest level of
health” which is set out in the preamble of the constitution. The preamble of the constitution states.
“Health is
a State of complete, physical, mental and social well being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity. The
enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the
fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion,
political belief, economic and social condition.
The health
of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is
dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and states.
The
achievement is the promotion of health and control of disease.
FUNCTIONS
Ø To
assist in strengthening National Health Services.
Ø It
directs and co-ordinates the health rate throughout the world.
Ø To
maintain epidemiological statistical services.
Ø To
estimate sporadic, endomic and other diseases.
Ø To
promote the prevention of accidental injuries by improvement of nutrition,
housing, sanitation, recreation and other aspects of environmental hygiene.
Ø To
propose international connection and regulation on health.
Ø To
see that people who travel from one country to another are protected against
disease such as small pox.
Ø Promote
maternal and child health services.
Ø To
promote and conduct research to improve in standards of education in health
promotion.
Ø To
promote international standards of food, biological and pharmaceutical products.
Ø To
bring about uniform standard of strength by purity of medical substances to
drugs vaccine.
Ø To
assist in developing public opinion on health matters and health statistics.
WHO CONTRIBUTION TO INDIA
Ø Control
of communicable diseases.
Ø Strengthening
the public health administration.
Ø Improving
the environment sanitation.
Ø Improving
the quality of life of family by MCH care nutrition and health education.
Ø Provision
of education and training of all types of professional and auxiliary health
workers.
Ø Assist
in Biomedical Research Programme including research in family planning methods.
Ø WHO
functions within the country, WHO works with and through the ministry of
health.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF WHO IN THE
DEVLEOPMENT OF NURSING SERVICES
The main
objective of the WHO is the attainment of by all people of the highest level of
health. The achievement is the promotion
of health and control of disease so the
WHO helps the nursing services more. Some of its functions are promote maternal and child health services. To see that people who travel from one country to another are protected against disease such as small pox and also to estimate sporadic, endemic and other disease and to bring about uniform standard of strength by purity and medical substance to drug vaccine. So WHO help in the development of nursing services.
WHO helps the nursing services more. Some of its functions are promote maternal and child health services. To see that people who travel from one country to another are protected against disease such as small pox and also to estimate sporadic, endemic and other disease and to bring about uniform standard of strength by purity and medical substance to drug vaccine. So WHO help in the development of nursing services.
UNICEF (UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY
FUND)
UNICEF was
established in 1946 as United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
To deliver post war relief to children, later renamed as United Nations
Children Fund. It concentrates its assistance on developmental activities aimed
at improving the quality of life for children. The headquarters of UNICEF are
at New York in USA
and regional office for South East Asia is established at New
Delhi in India
In 1949
UNICEF begins work in India
and is now in its fifth decade of co-operation with the government of India India
FUNCTIONS OF UNICEF
1. UNICEF
started functioning in close collaboration with other specialized agencies of
UNO and assisted in the prevention and control of communicable diseases like
malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, trachoma etc which were more prevalent in
children.
2. In India
3. UNICEF
took considerable interest in the provision of piped water supply, basic
sanitation and formal and non-formal education. It provided substantial aid to
primary health centres in India
ACTIVITIES OF UNICEF
a)
Child Health:
UNICEF has
provided substantial aid for the production of vaccines and sera in many
countries. UNICEF has supported India
b)
Child Nutrition:
UNICEF
gives high priority to improving child nutrition. Its aid for child nutrition,
which first took the form of supplementing child feeding began to expand in
mid-1950s with the development of low cost protein rich food mixtures.
In
collaboration with FAO, UNICEF also began aiding “Applied Nutrition” programmes
through such channels as community development, agricultural extension, schools
and health services so as to stimulate and help the rural population to grow
and eat the foods it required for better child nutrition. The UNICEF has
supplied equipment for modern dairy plants in various parts of India, viz.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, West
Bengal , Andhra Pradesh, specific aid is also given for
intervention against nutritional deficiency diseases, viz. provision of large
doses of vit A in areas where xerophthalmia is prevalent, enrichment of salt
with iodine in areas of endemic goiter, provision of iron and folate supplements
to combat anaemias and enrichment of foods. More recently FAO, UNICEF and WHO
have been encouraging the development of national food and nutrition policies
that make provision for child nutrition.
c)
Family and Child Welfare:
The purpose
is to improve the care of children, both within and outside their homes through
such means as parent education, day care centres, child welfare and youth
agencies and women’s clubs. These services are carried out not as separate
projects but as part of health, nutrition and education or home economics
extension programmes.
d)
Education:
Formal and
non formal. In collaboration with UNESCO, UNICEF is assisting India
STRATEGRY BY UNICEF
UNICEF is
promoting a campaign known GOBI campaign to
encourage 4 strategies for a “Child Health Revolution”.
·
G for growth charts to better monitor child
development
·
O for oral rehydration to treat all mild and
moderate dehydration
·
B for breast feeding
·
I for immunization against measles, diphtheria
polio, pertussis, tetanus and tuberculosis.
But now 3F has added to GOBI
that;
F - Female Literacy
F - Family Planning
F - Food
CONTRIBUTION OF UNICEF IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING
SERVICES
UNICEF
concentrates its assistance on developmental activities aimed at improving the
quality of life for children. UNICEF helps in the prevention and control of
communicable disease like malaria tuberculosis, leprosy etc which were more
prevalent in children, UNICEF supported the BCG immunization program and
manufacture of DPT vaccine. It also control of deficiency diseases by the
provision of vitamin A solution, iodized salt and iron and folate tablets.
UNICEF is focusing attention on providing primary health care to mother and
children.
FAO (FOOD & AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION)
The Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was formed in 1945 with head quarters in Rome
FAO’s prime
concern is to increases production of food to keep face with rising population.
Functions:
1. To
help nations raise living standards
2. To
improve nutrition of the people of all countries
3. To
increase the efficiency of farming, forestry & fisheries
4. To
better the condition of rural people and through all these means to widen the
opportunity of all people for productive work.
The WHO & FAO carry out various
activities such as;
·
Nutritional Surveys
·
Training Courses
·
Seminars
·
Research Programmes
The
FAO has organized a world freedom from hunger campaign (FFHC) in 1960. The
primary objective of FAO is towards ensuring that the food is consumed by the
people who need it in sufficient quantities and in right proportions to develop
and maintain a better state of nutrition through out the world.
UNDP (UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME)
UNDP was
established in 1966. The basic objective of the UNDP is to help poorer nations
to develop their human and natural resources more fully.
AIMS:
·
Improve the agricultural committees
·
Extension and modernization of industry
·
Improve the basic essential facilities for
education, health care, housing, employment, administrative and social
services.
·
Rural development and urban renewal.
CARE (CO-OPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF EVERYWHERE)
CARE is a
non-governmental organization which was started in 1946. It began working in India North America in the wake
of the Second World War in the year 1945. It is one of the worlds largest
independent, non-profit, non-sectarian international relief and development
organization.
Objectives
of CARE in India
The primary
objective of CARE – India India
Objectives
CARE India is helping the following projects;
1. Integrated
nutrition and health project
2. Better
health and nutrition project
3. Anaemia
control project
4. Improving
women’s health project
5. Improved
health care for adolescent girls project
6. Child
survival project
7. Improving
women’s reproductive health and family spacing project
8. Konkan
Integrated Development Project
It has been helping with the school
midday meal scheme. Apart from this, it also provides help in the fields of
medicine, literacy vocational training and agriculture.
CARE
– India
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION
UNESCO
came into being on 4th Nov 1946. The main purpose of UNESCO is
contributes to peace and security by promoting close collaboration among
nations through education, science and culture. If further universal respect
for justices rule and law, human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Activities:
The
activities of UNESCO fall under the following broad heads education, natural
sciences, social sciences, human sciences, communication, co-operation with non
governmental organization and publication. Typical activities of UNESCO
includes the organization in various part of the world of conferences and
meeting of experts, co-ordination of international scientific effort clearing
house services, assistance to non governmental organizations a wide range of
publication and the establishment of international agreements to which states
are invited to adhere or confirm.
It assists
in industrial and agricultural development and also in health promotion.
The plan
provides for visits to countries by experts who can offer advice on local
problems and train the local people.
SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (SIDA)
Contribution
in the Development of Nursing
The Swedish
International Development Agency is assisting the National Tuberculosis Control
Programme since 1979. The SIDA assistance is usually spent on procurement of supplies
like X-ray unit, microscopes and anti-tuberculosis drugs. SIDA authorities are
also supporting the short course chemotherapy drug regimens under pilot study,
which were introduced in 18 districts of the country during 1983-84, and pilot
phase-I of the Revised strategy of NTP in 5 sites namely Delhi ,
Bangalore , Mumbai, Kolkata and Mehsana (Gujarat ) since 1993.
DANIDA
The Government of Denmark is providing
assistance for the development of services under National Blindness Control
Programme since 1978.
FORD FOUNDATION
Ford
foundation started in 1936. It has been active in the development of rural
health services and family planning. Ford foundation has helped India
1.
Orientation Training Centers
The
orientation training centers at Singur, Poonamalle and Najafgarh. The centers
provide training courses in public health for medical and paramedical personal
from all over India
2.
Research cum Action Projects
These
projects were aimed at solving some of the basic problems in environmental
sanitation, eg. designing and construction of hand flushed acceptable sanitary
latrines in rural areas.
3.
Pilot project in rural health services, Gandhigram
(Tamil Nadu)
4.
Establishment of NIHAE (National Institute
of Health Administration
5. Calcutta
6.
Family Planning Programme
The
foundation is supporting research in reproductive biology and in the family
planning fellowship programmes.
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
The
Rockefeller foundation is a philantheopic organization started in 1913 and
endowed by Mr. John.D. Rockfeller. The work of Rock Feller foundation in India India
Purpose
of Rockfeller Foundation
The purpose
of Rockfeller foundation are
1. To
promote the well being of mankind throughout the world.
2. To
include the advancement of life sciences, the social sciences, the humanities
and the agricultural sciences.
3. Providing
grants-in-aid to selected institutions
4. Development
of medical college libraries
5. populations
studies
6.
Assistance
of research projects and institutions
Eg: National Institute of Virology at
Pune
7. Support
to the improvement of agricultural family planning and rural training as well
as to medical education.
INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS
It was
founded by Henry Dunant, a young Swiss businessman, who when travelling through
North Italy in 1859. The Red Cross is a
non-political non-official international humanitarian organization devoted to
the service of mankind in peace and war. It was started in 7th
August 1859 to help the neglected thousands of the wounded and dying soldiers.
Later in
the work of the Red Cross was extended to other programme which would prevent
human suffering. These comprise service to armed forces, service to war
veterans, disaster service, first aid and nursing, health education and
maternity and child welfare services.
Indian
Red Cross
In 1920,
the Red Cross society of India
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSING (ICN)
The
international council of nursing is a federation of non political and self
governing national nurses association. It was founded by Mrs.Bedford Fenwick in
cooperation with nursing traders from many countries. In 1900, the council
constitution was adopted and the first meeting was held at the world exposition
in Buffalo New York Geneva in Switzerland
The
aim of ICN
·
To develop self governing principles among
nurses under nurse leadership
·
To develop a profession that would raise the
ethical and social status of nurses
The
purpose of ICN
The main
purpose was to provide a means through which the national association can share
there interest in the promotion of health and care of the sick.
The
objective of ICN
·
To promote the development of strong national
nurses association
·
To assist national nurses association to
improve the standards of nursing and the competence of nurses
·
To serve as authovitative voice for nurses and
nursing internationally
The
Governing Body
The council
of national representations which consist of ICN honorary officers and
president of the national member association. International exchange privileges
for nurses have been provided through the ICN. This gives the individual nurse
the opportunity to observe and obtain employment in other countries and also
contributes to improvement of standards.
The
activities of ICN
·
Making the code of nurses
·
The world wide accepted definition of a nurse
·
A book of ethics the nurse Dilemma
·
Policy statement on health and social issue
·
Arrange exchange program for study and
employment
·
Maintain a register on professional
qualification of people
·
Conducting seminars around the world to
maintain relationship.
The
International Relationships
The
international council of nursing has close relationship with many of the
world’s major international organizations such as WHO, ILO, UNESCO, UNICEF, RED
CROSS and its allied leagues. This relationship helps ICN to have related
concerns in the health care field and allows keeping abreast of trends affecting
the future of nursing.
Functions
of ICN
·
The division of nursing education
·
The division of nursing services
·
The division of social and economic welfare
CONCLUSION
International
health agencies are WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, International Red Cross, CARE, FORD
FOUNDATION, ROCK FELLER FOUNDATION, COLOMBO PLAN. These all agencies help the
world to prevent disease and promotions of health. Today the international work
is established on every solid scientific basis. It is essential to briefly
consider some of the international agencies which are of great importance to India
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. B.T.
Baswanthappa
“Text Book of Community Health Nursing”
Edition: 2nd
Page No. 950-955
2. K.
Park
“Text Book of Community Health Nursing”
Edition: 19th
Page No.
762-766
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