A.V.AIDS - ASSIGNMENT

INTRODUCTION

        Audio visual aids or devices or technological media or learning devices are added devices that help the teacher to clarify establish, co-relate accurate concepts, interpretations and appreciations and enable him to make learning more concrete, effective, interesting, inspiration, meaningful and vivid then help in completing the triangular process of learning viz. motivation clarification stimulation the aim of teaching with technological media is clearing the channel between learning and the things that are worth learning.

DEFINITION

1.   According to Burton: Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.

2.   According to Carter.V.Good: Audio visual are those aids which help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e. motivation, classification and stimulation.

3.   According to Edger Dale: Audio visual are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multisensory materials.

4.   According to Kinder.S.James: Audio visual aids are anything by means of which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight.

PURPOSE

Purpose of audio-visual aids are:

·        To provide a basis for more effective perceptual and concept learning.

·        To initiate and sustain attention, concentration and personal involvement of the students in learning.

·        To provide strong, realism and life likeness in the teaching learning situation.

·        To bring the remote events of either space or time in to the classroom.

·        To increase the meaningfulness of abstract concepts.

·        To gain practical skill.

·        To introduce opportunity for situational or field types of leaning as contrasted with linear – order verbal.

·        Save time and energy

·        A-V aids educate children for life, promotes international understanding.

CLASSIFICATION

It is classified in to four;

1.   Projected and Non-projected aids

2.   Audio-visual material, visual materials and audio-visual materials.

3.   Big medias and little medias.

4.   Three dimensional aids.

CLASSIFICATION-I

Projected and Non Projected Aids

Projected Aids	Graphic Aids	Display Board	3D Aids	Audio Aids	Activity Aids
Films	Cartoons	Black Board	Diagrams	Raido	Computer Assisted Instruction
Film Strips	Charts	Bulletin	Models	Recording	Demonstration
Opaque Projectors	Comics	Flannel Board	Mockups	Television	Dramatics
Overhead Projectors	Diagrams	Magnetic Board	Objectives		Experimentation
Slides	Flash Cards	Peg Board	Puppets		Field Trips
	Graphs		Specimens		Programmed Instruction
	Maps
	Photographs
	Pictures
	Postures

CLASSIFICATION-II

Audio Material	Visual Material	Audio-visual Material
Language Laboratories	Bulletin Board	Demonstration
Radio	Chalk Board	Films
Sound Distribution System Sets	Charts	Printed Materials with Recorded Sound
Tape and Disco Recording	Drawings Exhibits Films Strips Flash Carts Flannel boards Flip Books Illustrated Book Magnetic Board Maps Models Pictures Postures Photographs Self Instructional Silent films Slides	Sound Films Trips Study Trips Television Video Tapes

CLASSIFICATION-III

Big Medias and Little Medias

        Big medias include computer, VCR and TV. Little media include radio, film strips, graphic, audio cassette and various visuals.

CLASSIFICATION-IV

Three Dimensional Aids

·        Models – Puppet

·        Mock-ups

·        Specimens

        Three dimensional aids are the replicas or substitutes or real objective.

PRINCIPLES

Principle of Selection:

        Teaching aids effective only when they the teaching objectives and unique characteristics of the special group of learner.

·        They should suit the age-level, grade level and other characteristics of the learner.

·        They should have specific educational valve besides being interesting and motivating.

·        They should be the representatives of the real things.

·        They should help in the realization of desired leaning objectives.

Principle of preparation:

        This principle required that following point should be attended to

·        As far as possible locally available material should be used in the preparation of an aid.

·        The teacher should receive some training in the preparation of aids.

·        The teacher themselves should prepare some of the aids.

·        Students may associated in the preparation of aids.

Preparation of Physical Control

        This principle relates to the arrangement of keeping aids safely and also to facilitate their learning to the teacher for use.

Principle of Proper Presentation

        This principle implies the following points;

·        The teacher should carefully visualize the use of teaching aids before their actual presentation.

·        They should fully acquaint themselves with the use and manipulation of the aids to be shown in the classroom.

·        Adequate care should be taken to handle an aid in such a way as no damage is done to it.

·        The aid should be displayed properly so that all the students are able to see it, observe it and derive maximum benefit out of it.

·        As far as possible, distraction of all kinds should be eliminated so that full attention may be paid to the aid.

Principle of Response

        This principle demands that the teachers guide the students to respond actively to the audio-visual stimuli so that they drive the maximum benefit in learning.

Principle of Evaluation:

        This principle stipulates that there should be continuous evaluation of both the audio-visual material and accompanying techniques in the light of realization of the desired objectives.

Sources

        According to intellectual level of students sources of AV AIDS are;

·        Government

·        Educational Institutions

·        Professional Organizations

·        Non-Governmental Organization

·        Voluntary Organization (National and International)

·        Commercial Producers of Education Material

·        Commercial Advertisement

·        Commercial Advertisement

·        In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC etc

ADVANTAGES

·        By using audio-visual materials, inaccessible processes, materials, events, objects, changes in time, speed and space could easily be brought to the class. It can help the imaginative teacher to solve all communication problems.

·        Use of audio-visual aids results in greater acquisition of knowledge and ensure longer retention of the information gained. It motivates the pupils to participate actively.

·        It can provide effective substitutes for direct contact of students with environment both physical and social.

·        By using suitable audio-visual materials any expected change in behaviour and attitude could be facilitated. Active participation maintains interest and increase learning whether they are participating in group activities.

·        It can provide integrated experiences varying from abstract to concrete. It supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking and conceptual thinking is essential for developing meaningful concepts.

·        It has got multisensory approach, hence they will be able to secure and retain the attention of pupils as well as to develop the communication skills of pupils.

·        It could be used to motivate and stimulate interest of pupils to gain further knowledge. Interest act as a spring board for launching the students into a wide variety of learning activities.

·        It can be used for any age or ability groups. It can be used as supplements to illustrate to clarify and to focus attention. It helps to multiply teacher efficiency and helps in remedial teaching too.

·        It provides positive environment for creative discipline. It develops motivation, attracts the attention and interests of the students and provides a variety of creative out lets.

·        It stirs the imagination, thinking process and reasoning power of the students. They also promote creativity, intentiveness on the part of students.

·        A good deal of energy and time of both the teacher and students can be saved an account of the use of audio-visual aids.

GRAPHIC AIDS

CHART

        Chart are the graphic teaching material including diagrams, posters, maps and graphs. Chart can be defined as illustrative visual media for depicting a logical relationship between main ideas and supporting facts.

        According to Kinder : Charts are the graphic aids depicting information in the form of tables, pictures, graphic and diagram.

Purpose of Charts

·        For presenting material symbolically

·        For summarizing information

·        For showing continuity in process

·        For presenting abstract ideas in visual form

·        To motivate the students

Preparation of Charts

        Before making a chart, one students plan the content in terms of the objective and decide the layout. The following points may be observed while preparing a chart.

1.   The size of a chart, the size of the letter and the contrast of the display material should be such that it is readable by the firmest viewer.

2.   One chart should convey just one idea or one principle.

3.   Numerical data should be presented in the form of tables.

4.   Relationship between two or more variables are better demonstrated by drawing graphs.

5.   Classifications, organizations are better represented by means of flow diagrams.

Types of Chart

        There are 5 main types of charts;

1.   Tree chart

2.   Table chart

3.   Flow chart

4.   Pull chart

5.   Flip chart

1. Tree Chart

        The chart made in the form of several branches from the trunk of a tree such that the trunk represents the main idea while the branches represent various development, relationships or sub parts of the main idea. A tree chart can be effectively used in history of a family, rulers.

2. Table Chart

        Table charts are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing points of comparison, distinctions between two or more things.

·        The chart should be captioned in bold letters.

·        The vertical columns should be filled in short phrases rather than complete sentences.

·        Write different contrasting features with different colour felt pens or marker pens.

3. Flow Charts

        A learning situation sometimes warrents the study of organizational and heirarchial structures. It is done by means of a flow chart. A flow chart is the graphic aid.

4. Pull Chart

        It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper. The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the concealing strips.

5. Flip chart

        A set of charts related to specific topic have been tagged together and hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related materials or messages in sequence.

POSTERS

        Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical message with attention capturing painting. Posters can be of different sizes a big poster on a woman or iron board is called bill board or boarding. The bill boards are usually used for advertising and propaganda such posters are displayed in the market places and by the road and rail sides to convey messages and ideas in one shooting glance.

A good poster is said to have the following features

·        Simplicity in depiction

·        Dramatic action packed short message

·        Colourfulness

·        Eye catching figurative design

A poster may be used for;

·        Advertising an event or product

·        Campaigning for a cause

·        Giving a directive

·        Popularizing a slogan

·        Drawing attention towards desirable action and values

·        Popurazing  a symbol or sign

·        Propaganda

Rules to prepare poster

·        To do a special job

·        To promote one point

·        To support local demonstration and local exhibits

·        Planned for the specified people

·        It should stop the people and make them to look

·        Tell the message in a single glance

·        Use bold letter

·        Use pleasing colours

·        It should be placed where people pass or gather together.

Sources:

        For making posters the magazine covers, book jackets, greeting cards, brochures of various civic bodies and social leagues can be of quite helpful.

        Posters can be made by painting them but a simple and in expensive way of making posters is to cut the designs and figures out of coloured glazed paper and stick them on chart paper and the accompanying idea can be written with a marker pen. Sometimes, pictures clipped out of magazine forming a theme can form a collage and an appropriate thought can be inscribed on it in bold letters for use in a teaching situation.

Graphs

        Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and contrasting the trends on changes of certain attributes. Graphs make presentation of quantitative data easily interpretable and readily understood. A huge data and long list of figure is always boring but the same represented by a graph captures attention and makes students think. A good graph can give a lot of information just by shooting a glance at it.

Types

There are four main types of graphs;

·        Bar Graphs

·        Line Graphs

·        Picture Graphs

·        Pie Graphs

 Bar Graph

        A bar graph consists of the bars arranged either horizontally or vertically from an origin base. Two perpendicular lines from a point (called origin) work as the reference lines.

        The length of bars represent the magnitude of a given attribute while the spaces between bars represent second variable which should be uniformly changing.

        Some useful points to be kept in mind while preparing a bar chart are as follows;

·        Before making the bar chart make a rough sketch of it in a note book.

·        For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50x72 cm size.

·        Use two different colors shades for the two contrasting groups.

·        The bars should be equi-spaced.

·        Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart paper.

·        Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars.

Line Graphs

        A free hand smooth line through various points indicating the instances values of two variables at various moments is called line graph. The line may be a straight line or curved line indicating the relationship between two variables. If there are abrupt changes between the variables at some instances, those are shown by dotted lines. In some institutions the graph boards are provided as extensions of the chalk board. The squares as the graph boards or graph papers help in accurately plotting the points to get the line graph. Graph paper sheet of big sizes are also available these days for display purposes. Sketch pens or marker pens can be used to write the caption, show X-axis, Y-axis and origin scale along X-axis, scale along Y-axis, variable along X-axis and variable along Y-axis, and actual curve joining different points.

Pie Graphs (Distribution Graph)

        This graph is usually shown as disc (resembling a pie) or circle divided in to sectors of different angles to represent the fractions or percentages of the divisions of a distributive attribute.

        As there are 360⁰ with the percentage or fraction. The various sector angles are drawn with the help of a protector. The following points should be borne in to mind while preparing a pie graph.

1.   Find out the angles from the percentages or fractions.

2.   Draw the circle on a chart paper of full size using a big compass carrying a sketch or marker pen.

3.   Divide the circle into appropriate sectors using the protractor.

4.   Color each section and write the corresponding percentage it represents.

5.   Caption the pie graph with a descriptive title.

Conclusion

        An audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen. Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues to learning these are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quick learning, facilities for clear understand this.