Development of Nursing
INTRODUCTION
In
every aspects in developing countries, developed countries and under developed countries dynamic changes are
taking place. The drastic changes takes
place in 19th century. Under
the guidance of Florence Nightingale the Nursing Care was confined to help only
the soldiers who suffered great injuries from first world war.
THE
HISTORY OF NURSING
Many
people believe that nursing started with Florence Nightingale, however nursing
itself dates back to the beginning of mother hood when nurses where
traditionally female. Infact, nursing
and medicine have been closely entertwined throughout the ages. The history of nursing has its origins in the
care of infants and children, so all mothers were infact nurses. Gradually an evolution started developing
into dedicated care gives who practiced the art. Infact nursing has been called the oldest of
arts and the youngest of profession.
When
it became apparent that love and nurturing alone were not enough to cure
disease, the need for a more educated framework for nurses began to form. The history of nursing first started to
become more continuous and defined with the drawn of Christianity. Early records of the history of nursing do
exist, but are quite fragmental. Nursing
began to model its practice after the teaching of Christ, caring for the sick,
feeling the hungry and buying the dead.
Therefore, during this period the history of nursing is intricately to
the church.
After
the crusades, the world was ripe for social reform. The history of nursing was about to
change. One of the most important
factors in the birth of modern nursing was the establishment of the Deaconess
Institue at kaiserswerth,
Florence
Nightinagle is perhaps the most centralized figure in the history of
nursing. She over came tremendous social
opposition to become a nurse and to care for soldiers during the Crimean
war. Her dedication to her profession
was responsible for decreasing the death to all among.
Soldiers
Nevertheless even with these great accomplishment she had not achieved her
greatest desire, to open a training school for nurses. In 1860,
ADVANCED
CONCEPTS OF NURSING
Nursing
is considered the oldest of the arts and the youngest of the profession. The
term envolves from the latin word nutrix which means nourishing.
Historically
the term nursing was often used as a verb meaning to do the word nourish means
to supply what is necessary for life or to cherish. Today nursing has emerged to be a learned
profession in related to basic sciences.
Social sciences, growth and development and many other areas of
nursing. Nursing as a profession is unique as it addresses the
responses of individuals and facilitates actual or potential health problems in
a holistic manner. Nurses have got
diverse role such as caretaker, decision maker advocates, teachers. Therefore the nurses should follow the
philosophy of nursing to guide their practices.
DEFINITION
OF NURSING
Nursing
is defined based on the person who foster, nourishes and protects, a person prepared
to take care of the sick, injured or the aged.
The expanding roles and functions of the nurses have coined many a
definitions for nursing. Some of the
important ones are.
1.
Nursing
ought to signify the proper use of fresh, air, warmth, cleaniness quiet and
proper selection and administration of diet all at the expense of the vital
power of the patient.
This
definition is that the nurses center of concern the patient. The goal of nursing is to facilitate the
bodys repetitive process by manipulating the clients environment such as his
nutrition, hygiene, comfort in a nut
shell it is health maintenance and restoration.
2.
Virginia Henderson (1958)
“The
Unique function of the nurses is to assist the individual sick or well in the
performance of those activities contributing to health (or recovery / peaceful
death), that he would perform. Unaided
if he had the necessary strength willor knowledge. And todo this in such away as to help him
gain independence as rapidly as possible.
The
theme of this definition is that both ill or well is the focus of nursing. The nurse and the patient share
responsibility of care.
3.
ANA Definition of Nursing
Nursing
is a healing profession and as such provides services, which contributes to the
health and well being of people.
The
three essential component of professional nursing are care cure and
co-ordination.
Care:
It
is about to take care of ‘caring for’ and ‘caring about’. It deals with people who are under stress
frequently over a period of time. It is
listening, evaluating and intervening appropriately.
Cure:
The
promotion of health and heading is the cure aspect of professional
nursing. It is assisting clients to
understand their health problems and helping them to cope. It is the administration of medication and
treatments. It is also the use of
clinical nursing judgement indeterming the plan of care. Whether it has to be changed or maintained
depending on the patient outcome. It
help to know when and what resources are to be used.
Coordination:
Professional
practice is co-ordination and synchronizing medical, professional and health
services that affect patient care. It is
sharing responsibilities for health and welfare of the people in the community,
participating in programs designed to prevent illness and the maintain
health. It also includes supervising,
teaching and directing all those involved in nursing care.
In
1979, the congress for nursing practice defined the scope and nursing
practice. It defined the nursing as a
diagnosis and treatment of human response to actual or potential helath
problems. The characteristic are phenomena. These are the human responses to the actual
or potential health problems. The nurse
identifies the clients responses by assessing the health status and obtaining
data.
Theory
application: The nurse applies nursing theories to
understand these human responses.
Nursing
action
– The nurse takes action to resolve actual or potential health problems.
Evaluation – The nurse
evaluates the effect of these actions on the clients responses. These are related to the nursing process.
4. CNA Definition of Nursing
Candidian
Nurses Association (CNA) was founded in
1908. its 1908 definition of nursing
holds concepts similar to that of ANA.
The
nursing profession exists in response to a need of a society and holds ideals
related to mans health throughout his life span. Nurses direct their energies towards the
promotion, maintenance and restoration of health, prevention of illness, the
alleviation suffering and the assurance of a peaceful death when life can no
longer be sustained. Nurses value a
holistic view and regard an individual as a biophysical being who has the
capacity to set goals and make decisions and who has the right and responsibility
to informed choices congruent with personal beliefs and supportive profession
guided by the code of ethics, rooted in
caring a concept. Evidenced through its
four fields of activity practice, education, administration and research.
GOALS
OF NURSING
According
to the views and definition of nursing it is possible to identify the following
main areas of nursing which help us to formulate the goals.
Ø Maintenance
of health
Ø Promotion
of health and wellness
Ø Restoration
of health
Ø Prevention
of illness
Ø Facilitating
coping
Ø Care
of the dying
To
meet these goals the nurse must use their knowledge and skills to give care in
a variety of traditional and expanding roles such as communicator, teacher,
leader, researcher and advocate. Here is
a brief description on the role of a nurse in these goals.
DEVELOPMENT
OF NURSING PRACTICE IN
INTRODUCTION
Nursing
today is far different from nursing as
it was practiced years ago, and it is expected to continue changing during the
21st century to comprehend present day nursing and at the same time
prepare for the future. The rapid change
in nursing profession owes much to the influence of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
a woman with a vision.
Emerging
in an age when nursing was regarded with contempt, ms. Nightingale crusaded to
change the worlds view of a nurse. Her
contribution in the education of woman, her development of theories of nursing
practice and hygienic techniques, the emphasis on the preparation of nurses for
the care of the sick, protection and promotion of health of the individual and
society are important fact of nursing spectrum today.
DEFINITION
(i)
Nursing:
The
International Council of Nurses (ICN) accepted the following definition.
“Nursing
is the unique function of the nurse, that is to assist the individual sick or
well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its
recovery or to a peaceful death that he would perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength will or knowledge.
(ii)
Nursing practice
According
to the American Nurses Association “Nursing Practice is a direct service, goal
directed and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family and community
during health and illness.
There
are other definitions also “Nursing is a dynamic, therapeutic and educative
process in meeting the health needs of the individual, family and society.
THE
GENESIS OF NURSING
Ancient
history reveals no records of nursing in pre-historic times. What we know about the care of the sick in
primitive times has been discovered through songs and the fndings of
archeologists. The “art of healing began
thousand of years ago with the primitive man tryig to provide relief in
sickness and suffering motivated by feelings of sympathy and kindness. His skill in fighting diseases has given us
many medical and surgical treatment, such as massage fomentations, bone
settings, amputations, hot and cold baths and heat to control haemorrhage.
From
the time of the first mother down to the present time we find women protecting
and caring for their children, aged and the sick members of the family. Nursing evolve as an intuitive response to
the desire to keep healthy as well as to provide comfort to the sick. This was reflected in the caring, comforting,
nourishing, cleansing aspects to the patient.
Knowledges of these simple skills were passed down from generation to
generation. Tenderness, concern, love
and hope were expressed in the simple remedies, thus empirical practices in
nursing evolved.
The
earliest records of Indian medicine are to be found in the sacred books or
Vedas the Ayur – Veda thought to have been given by Brahma. It is divided into a number of parts which
deal with prevention and cure of disease in medicine, surgery, childrens,
diseases etc. from these early writings
other authors wrote books. About 1400 BC
sushruta known as the father of surgery in
King
Asoka (272 BC -236 BC) a convert to Buddhism, brought about a period of
prosperity. Monesteries were built
houses for travelers were provided and hospitals for both men and animals. Were founded prevention of diseases became a
matter of first importance and hygienic practices were adopted, cleanliness of
the body was a religious duty. Doctors
and midwives were to be trustworthy and skillful. They must wear clean cloths and keep their
nails cut short – lying in rooms were kept clean and well ventilated. Operations were preceded by religious
ceremonies and prayers. The nurses were
usually men or old women.
The
women of
By
iAD superstition and magic had
been some what replaced by more up to date praction. But medicine remained in the hands of the
priest physicians who refused to blood or pathological tissue. Dissection was for hidden. This together with other religious
restrictions probably helped to bring about a decline in medicine.
BEGINNING
OF MODERN NURSING IN
In
the past, the progress of nursing in India has been hindered by many
difficulties, such as the low state of women, the system of purdah among muslim
women, the cast system among the hindus, illiteracy, poverty, political unrest,
language, differences and the fact that nursing has been looked upon as
servants work.
Since
independence day 1947 many changes have taken place and the attitude towards
nursing is changing. More women are
being educated and many are taking up nursing as their profession.
We
have very little information about medicine and nursing in
MILITARY
NURSING
This
was the earliest type of nursing in 1664 the
CIVILIAN
HOSPITALS
Nursing
in the military hospitals was of poor quality carried on by male ordiriles and the menial staff. In 1871, the Government General Hospitals,
madras, over took a plan to train nurses.
Nurses were brought from
General
training was taken first, followed by a course in midewifery.
In
Provision
for the nursing care of patients in these early hospitals was very limited. In
the J.J.Group, nursing was done by medical students and menials until 1878 when
the government invited the sisters of the community of all saints to come from
MISSION
HOSPITALS
In
the beginning there was no uniformity of courses n educational requirements
about 1907-1910 the North India Board of Examiners for Mission Hospitals was
organized and set up rules for admissions and standards of training and
conducted a public examination on 24th May 1909 the Indian Medical
Association granted the nursing diploma after examining students by central
boards for Nurses training schools in India. A few year later the Mid –
THE
DUFFERIN FUND
Until the late 19th
century, there were no women doctors and therefore no care for women expect in
mission hospitals. This fact was brought
to the attention of Queen
Between
1890 and 1990 many schools under either missions or government, was started in
various parts of
TEXT
BOOKS
Many
American and English Text books were being used in the schools till today. There is a great need for text books which
have been written by Indian Nurses.
Although progress has been made in the publication of text books by
Indian Nurses, there remains a wide area of subjects which have not been touched
upon and the general need for more and varied text books continued.
NURSING
EDUCATION
Nursing
education in
AUXILIARY
NURSING
A 2 year programme for the ANM was
first establish in 1957 at St. Mary’s hospital in
REGISTRATION
OF NURSES
As
training for Nurses midwives and health visitor progressed, the need for
legislation to provide basic minimum standards in education and training was
felt. It was also felt that registration
would give greater professional status.
For some years nurses struggled to obtain proper examinations and
examiners and registration for nurses.
In 1926 in madras, the first registration council was formed. It is now possible for the students of all
schools in
The INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL (INC)
The INC
act was passed by an ordinance on December 31st 1947. The council was constituted in 1949. the
purpose of the council is to co-ordinate activities of the various state
registration councils to set up standards for nursing education and to make
sure these standards are carried out. Before
this time nurses registered in one state were not necessarily recognized for
registration in another. The condition
to mutual recognition by the state nurses registration in another. Is called reciprocity was possible only if
uniform standards of nursing education were maintained. Therefore the INC was given authority to
prescribe curricular (courses of study) for nursing education in all the
states. At the same time it was given
authority to recognize programmes of nursing education or refuse recognition. INC itself is not a registering body nor
examining body. But it can enforce its
standard by recognizing or refusing to recognize schools.
COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSING ORGANIZATIONS
In
early 20th century many countries established nursing
associations. The following is a short
outline grossing and auxiliary associations in
DEVELOPMENT
OF NURSING DURING EARLY CIVILIZATION
In
5000 B.C., there was a little reference to nursing, illness [An Abnormal
process in which aspects of the social, emotional or intellectual condition and
functions of a person are diminished or impared) was considered to be directly
related to disfavour with God. Primitive
people believed that a person become sick when an evil spirit entered the body
and that the presence of good spirit kept disease away.
Modern
men performed witch craft on the affected part of the body to induce the bad
spirit to leave the body. Some of the
technique included the use of the brightening masks, noises, incubation, vile
odors, charms spells and even sacrifices.
Other
assisted the medicine men in treating illness.
They used pregatives, emetics application of hot and cold substances, cauterization
and cupping, blistering and massage. Few
women assisted the medicine men. They
mostly assisted women in child birth.
1.
BAILONIANS
The
bablionicens were intellectual socially and scientifically wel developed. Many wars brought misery, suffering, illness
and injury to their people. Men were the care gives of the lay. Persons for the medical services. If they werewomen, they were probably of low
status because the actions of Babylonians women are dominated by men.
2. ancient Hebrews
The
ancient Hebrews, according to the talmad and the Old Testament, attributed the
misfortunes and illness to God’s wrath.
They depended on god to restore them the health (A condition of
physical, mental and well being and the absence of disease or abnormal conditions)
when they are side, they combined health and dictary practices from their
religious belief with the hygiene practices that they acquired from
3. ancient
Ancient
records of early Egyptian civilization described nursing procedures, such as
feeling patient (a recipient of a health cares service) with tetanus and
dressing wound.
Egyptians
physicians were considered skillful at treating fractures. The customs of embalancing enabled the
Egyptians to become well acquainted with organs of the body. From clinical observation they learned to
recognize some 250 different diseases.
To treat them they developed a number of charges and procedures such as
surgery. There is evidence of detailed
instructions for daily nursing care, which included recordings the pulse, using
splints and bandages and using hollow reads for cathers.
4.
ANCIENT
In
ancient
THE
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING IN THE NINTEENTH CENTURY
The
intellectual revolution of 18th and 19th centuries led to
a scientific revolution with the discovery and exploration of new continents an
economic revolution evolved after which nations become more independent through
trade. The industrial revolution
displaced workers from craftsmen to factory labourers. The closeness of the factory work, the long
hours and the unhealthy working conditions lead to transmission of the
communicable disease such as cholera and plaque. Lack of prenatal cure inadequate nutrition
and poor delivery technique resulted in a high rate of maternal and infant
mortality. Many orphaned child died in
work houses or cruelty.
During
this time, a proper womens role in life was to maintain a gracious and elegant
home for her family. The common women
worked as servants in private homes or were dependent on their husbands
wages. The provision of care for sick in
hospitals or private homes fell to uncommon women – often prisoners or
prostitutes who had little or no training in nursing.
Because
of this, nursing had little acceptance and not prestige. The only acceptable nursing role was with in a
religious order where service were provided as part of Christian charity.
DEVELOPMENTOF
NURSING IN UNITED STATES
During
the time that
In
1984 Postor Theordore Flialore Fliedner of Ceremony, famous for establishing
one of the first schools of nursing in Europe, traveled the
By
the end of 19th century, three school of nursing had been
established in the
In
many 1973, the Bellevve Hospital of School of Nursing in
In
the interest of establishing standards for the new nursing schools, dedicated
women such as Isabel hamptom Robb and Lavince.
Dock organized the American Society of Superintendent of Training school
of Nursing in 1894. the major goal of
this organization was modeled often death of the American Meelical
Association. A code of ethics for nurse
was adopted by the society and this
code, known as the nightingale pledge, is subscribed to by the nursing
profession to day.
CHANGE
OF NURSING DURING TWENTITH CENTURY
While
the nursing of superintendents of the nurses training schools organized at the
national level. The graduates of those
training schools organized in their own at the local levels. They established the Alumina Association in
an attempt to establish standards for the actual practice of nursing.
1.
Licensing
Change
in nursing education and nursing could not come about in an vaccum. Any change had to affect by the social issues
of the time resulted in the need for rigid standards and laws which were bound
to affect the supply well trainal nurses.
In 1903 the first were license (The granting of permission by competent)
authority (usually a government agency) to an organization or individual to
engage in a practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal to protect the
public were the passed in North curoline. New Jesey, Newyork and
2.
World War-1
World
war -1 brought an increase demand for nurses.
The newly form army and navy nurse corps sought nurses whom school
superintendents professional qualifications “The available supply of nurses
could not meet the demand, so once again untrained women volunteered their
services to their country. Nursing
leaders concerned that these untrained personal would directly curing for
wounded and ailing soldiers without adequate training quickly as established
the Army
3.
World War – II
25
years later the demand for trained nurse was once again e3scaluted almost
overnight because of world war II.
Although medicine has advanced so had the art of war and the causalities
were high and severe. Early in the war,
cadet nurse corp was established to provide nursing almation and training. The corps provided and abbreviated training
programme designed to meet the needs of the war effort. After the war may of the nurse trained by
these programme remained in military services.
Prestige, pay and the opportunity for advancement were must great in the
military service than for civilian nurses.
Civilian nurses received low pay and worked long shift under atrocious
conditions in the major hospitals, particularly in urban area. As a result, the shortage of nurss in the
4.
Certification
Since
1976, the ANA has offered certification testing for registered nurses
(RNs). Certification is a process by
which the nurse is granted recognition for competency in specific area of
nursing. To be eligible for
centrification testing, the RN must have a current License, have a minimum of
two year experience as a registered nurse in the designated area, and be
currently in designated area. Some areas
of certification for RN include gerontologist, medical surgical nurse
psychiatric and mental health nurse and nurse practitioner. The ANA continuous to monitor the education
and role of the nurse in todays health care system and continuous to publish in
numerous position papers to keep the nursing profession current and well
information of changes and events that affect the quality of nursing care.
5.
Nursing Caps Uniforms and Pins
Originally,
nurses wore the practical while plated cup and apron of the main servant,
signifying respectability, cleanliness and servituade. As a nursing profession gained recognition,
nurses caps become loss utilization and most symbolic, a budge of office and
achievement perhad on the top of the had.
Since
the second world war the nurses cup has lost most of its significance. The “capping ceremony’ a virtually
disappeared. Today there is controversy
within the medical profession about nursing uniforms. Many health care professional do not depend
on uniforms for their authorities.
But
looking professional is still important.
Patients feel more confident when a nurse can easily be identified. It adds to the patients comfort when nurses
are easily distinguishable from other staff members.
CONCLUSION
Each
time new changes are taking place in the field of Nursing. In every parts of the country they are trying
to adopt the new changes for the well being of the human being. Dramatin changes are tubes plane in 19th
and 18th century in the field of nursing.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
2. www.anc.com
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