Design and Development of Solar Powered Grain Dryer for Storage - A PROJECT
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
India
being a predominately agricultural based country, where 70% of the population are farmers and
practice agriculture for a living technological advancement should improvise in
order to reduce the workload of a farmer and make their work more mechanized
and easy .
Agriculture
serves to be the backbone of Indian economy. It is very important to improve
the efficiency and productivity of agriculture by simultaneously providing safe
cultivation to the farmers. Drying is the process of removing the moisture
content from the grains of the crops after they have been harvested, after
harvesting grains usually contain about 25 to 30% moisture content which is not
ideal to store them as they may lead to discoloration, spoilage, encourage
development of molds, and increase the likelihood of attack from pests. It may
lead to a decrease in the germination rate in case of rice seed. Hence, it is
important to dry grains as soon as possible after harvesting-ideally within 24
hours. Delays in drying, incomplete drying or ineffective drying will reduce
grain quality and result in losses.
There
are plenty of applications using automatic grain dryers. The crops can be
harvested at any time of the year and be stored for a long period of time. Drying
the grains to the optimum value of moisture content will increase the shelf
life of the grain tremendously. The burden and work load on the farmers will be
reduced drastically and they can utilize this time elsewhere. Using an
automated system of drying, the drying process can be completed within a few
hours. Paddy contains about 25-30% of moisture content after it has been
harvest. To preserve/store them for a longer time, they need to be dried to 14%
of moisture. It also reduces harvesting losses, including head shattering and
cracked kernels. Further it helps in reducing the dependency on weather
conditions for harvest and drying. Which in turn allows the farmer to spend
more time on other activities post harvest.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Natural Convection Solar Dryer of Box Type:
By ” Amin Omda Mohamed Akoy et al.’’
This
paper presents the description of natural convection solar dryer of a box- type
(cabinet) was designed and constructed.
The constructed dryer consisted of drying chamber and solar collector
combined in one unit as shown in Figure.2.1.and they concluded the designed dryer
with a solar collector area of 16.8 m² is expected to dry 195.2 kg fresh mango
(100kg of sliced mango) from initial moisture 81.4% to 10% final moisture in two
days under ambient conditions during harvesting period from April to June.
Figure.2.1 Isometric view of
constructed solar dryer.
A
prototype of the dryer with 1.03m² solar collector area was constructed to be used in
experimental drying tests. The average
ambient conditions are 30ºC air
temperature and 15% relative humidity and air flow rate 0.0903 kg/s with daily global solar
radiation incident on the horizontal
surface of about 232 W/m² for drying
time 10 hours per day.
Solar dryer with thermal energy storage for
intermittent drying of cocoa beans:
By‘’ Fagunwa et.al”
This
paper presents the description of solar dryer with thermal energy storage for intermittent
drying of cocoa beans as shown in figure.2.2. Drying mechanism was based on a
combination of convective heating and direct radiation, with a provision for
controlling the rate of air flow through the beans. The solar collector area is
basically a top open wooden box, 1100 x 1000 x 200 mm made from 10mm thick plywood. The experimental model dehydrated
cocoa beans from 53.4 to 3.6% moisture content (w.b) in a 72 hours intermittent
drying process against ambient temperature and relative humidity in the range
25-30°C and 58-98%, respectively. Free convective drying attained equilibrium
moisture content of 3.56% (w.b); whilst, 9.09% and 7.11% (w.b) were obtained
with the forced convective drying, with
1.02 and 1.32 m3/min airflow rates,
respectively.
Figure.2.2 Schematic
illustration showing plan view and
elevation of the experimental solar dryer
Hybrid solar dryer using direct solar energy and
heat exchanger:
By “ M.A. Amer et.al ”
This
paper presents the description of hybrid solar
dryer designed and constructed using direct solar energy and a heat
exchanger as shown in fig.2.3.The efficiency of the solar dryer was raised
by recycling up to 65% of the drying air
in the solar dryer and exhausting a
small amount of it outside the dryer.
Under
Mid-European summer conditions it can raise up
the air temperature from 30 to 40ºC above the ambient temperature. The capacity of the dryer was to
dry about 30 kg of banana slices in 8 h
in sunny day from an initial moisture
content of 82% to the final moisture
content of 18% (wb).In the same time it reduced to only 62% (wb) moisture content in open sun drying
method.
Figure.2.3 Schematic diagram of
solar hybrid dryer
CHAPTER-3
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
The
purpose of storage is to provide the dried grain with protection against
insects, molds, rodents and birds, and to prevent moisture from re-entering the
grain. But, if the drying is not done properly, there will be losses no matter
how good the storage is.
Technological
advancements have brought about a lot of changes in our day to day life and we
have been immensely grateful for that. Similarly, the agricultural sector has
been growing everyday either in its production or in the technological aspect.
Time has always been the greatest enemy and shortage of time has led to many
problems faced by every individual on this planet. In order to reduce the time
of the farmer postharvest, the proposed idea is being implemented. The motor
controlled conveyor belts made out of netted material are perfect in order to
lay the grains conveniently and also for the proper penetration of hot air. It
uses an Arduino Uno Microcontroller for the smart controlling action which
needs to be implemented for the drying process. Natural sun drying technique
would use the heat from the sun rays to dry the grains for a period of 10-15
days, which gets very tedious and monotonous. Making use of the same principle,
in this report it uses the heat generated from a heating coil along with the
exhaust fan, which thereby produces heat required to dry the grains as per the
specifications and standard which is desired.
Problem Definition:
The
purpose of storage is to provide the dried grain with protection against
insects, molds, rodents and birds, and to prevent moisture from re-entering the
grain. But, if the drying is not done properly, there will be losses no matter
how good the storage is.
Technological
advancements have brought about a lot of changes in our day to day life and we
have been immensely grateful for that. Similarly, the agricultural sector has
been growing everyday either in its production or in the technological aspect.
Time
has always been the greatest enemy and shortage of time has led to many
problems faced by every individual on this planet. In order to reduce the time
of the farmer postharvest, the proposed idea is been implemented. The motor
controlled conveyer belts made out of netted material is perfect in order to
lay the grains conveniently and also for the proper penetration of hot air. It
uses an Arduino Uno Microcontroller for the smart controlling action which
needs to be implemented for the drying process.
Natural
sun drying technique would use the heat from the sun rays to dry the grains for
a period of 10-15 days, which gets very tedious and monotonous. Making use of
the same principle, in this paper it use the heat generated from a heating coil
along with the exhaust fan, which thereby produces heat required to dry the
grains as per the specifications and standard which is desire to.
Objective of the System:
The
main objective of this paper is to make the work of farmers easy, faster and
high efficient in grain drying, postharvest for storage. The designed mechanism
takes less time to dry up grain using solar photovoltaic based drying as
compared to traditional drying process. It also aims to reduce intensive labor
experienced by the farmers.
The
components used to solve the problem includes the following: solar panel, buck
boost converter, charge controller circuit, Johnson DC geared motor (10rpm),
Arduino Uno, temperature and humidity sensor (DHT11), moisture sensor, 5V dual
channel relay, L298N H Bridge motor driver circuit, heating elements, DC fans,
Conveyer belts, bread board and jumper wires.
CHAPTER-4
OBJECTIVES
- Automatic
grain dryers show that the farmers can be at ease and the drying process
is completed within a few hours.
- The
designed system uses a conveyor belt system on which the grain will be
layered evenly and dried thoroughly with the help of a heating coil and
fan attached above the conveyor belt.
- Proposed
system is very less as all the components used are very cost effective.
- The
developed system can be used to dry grains such as wheat, paddy, lentils,
ragi, millets, corn and coffee.
CHAPTER-5
METHODOLOGY
Methodology
of design and development of solar powerered grain dryer methodology. Designing
and developing a solar-powered grain dryer involves several steps and
considerations. Below is a general methodology to guide you through the
process:
Project
Planning and Research:
Clearly
define the project objectives: Determine the capacity of the grain dryer, the
types of grains to be dried, and the target drying time. Research existing
solar-powered grain dryers: Study existing designs and technologies to
understand their strengths and weaknesses. Learn from previous experiences to
improve your own design.
Site Assessment:
Identify the location: Choose
a suitable site with ample sunlight exposure throughout the year.
Assess the solar resource: Gather
solar radiation data for the location to estimate the available energy for the
system.
Analyze the grain production and consumption:
Understand the grain production cycles and the amount of grain that needs
drying to size the dryer appropriately.
System Design:
Heat Source: Determine the heat
source for the dryer. It could be air-based or direct-heating, and it may
involve using solar collectors to concentrate sunlight or using photovoltaic
panels to generate electricity for electric heaters.
Airflow
System: Design an efficient airflow system to ensure uniform drying
and minimize drying time.
Temperature
and Humidity Control: Incorporate temperature and humidity sensors to
control the drying process effectively.
Insulation: Consider proper
insulation to reduce heat losses during the drying process.
Component Selection:
Solar Panels: Choose high-efficiency
photovoltaic panels to capture maximum solar energy.
Energy Storage (optional): If
required, select appropriate battery systems to store excess energy for use
during cloudy days or at night.
Fans/blowers: Choose efficient fans
or blowers to ensure proper airflow through the grain dryer.
Prototype Development:
Build a small-scale prototype:
Develop a working prototype to test and validate your design concepts. This
step will help you identify and resolve potential issues early on.
Testing and Optimization:
Test
the prototype under various weather conditions and different grain types to
optimize its performance. Collect data on drying times, energy consumption, and
grain quality to make improvements as needed.
Safety and Efficiency Considerations:
Ensure
that the dryer is safe to operate and complies with all relevant safety
standards. Design the system for maximum energy efficiency to minimize
operating costs.
CHAPTER-6
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
The
main objective of this is to make the work of farmers easy, faster and high
efficient in grain drying, postharvest for storage. The designed mechanism
takes less time to dry up grain using solar photovoltaic based drying as
compared to traditional drying process. It also aims to reduce intensive labor
experienced by the farmers. The components used to solve the problem includes
the following: solar panel, buck boost converter, charge controller circuit,
Johnson DC geared motor (10rpm), Arduino Uno, temperature and humidity sensor
(DHT11), moisture sensor, 5V dual channel relay, L298N H Bridge motor driver
circuit, heating elements, DC fans, Conveyor belts, breadboard and jumper
wires.
Functional Block Diagram:
A
simple, solar powered automatic grain dryer is designed to dry the grains
effectively and in a fast manner. The dryer has a simplistic architecture which
makes assembling and disassembling the parts easier. The functional block
diagram of the dryer is shown in Figure 5.1. Working of each block is explained
in this section. The power circuit system comprises solar panel, controller,
battery charging circuit and battery. The Solar Panel will provide electricity
to charge the battery during day time, which in turn is used to power the
system. The charging of the battery is controlled by a solar charge controller.
Block Diagram:
Fig 6.1. Block diagram.
Control Circuit Working:
From the battery, the voltage is stepped down to 5 V using buck
converter and is then given to the Arduino and DC motors as power supply. The
conveyor belt is made to rotate at a very low rpm of 10, which is achieved by
the Johnson DC geared motor.
The
Arduino is the main microcontroller used in dryer, the dryer system contains
temperature and humidity sensor (DHT11) to sense the temperature of the heating
chamber, moisture sensor(FC-28) to check the moisture contact presenter in the
grains, heating coil to make the chamber hot, DC Fans push the hot air onto the
conveyor belts, L298N H bridge motor driver circuit to control the speed of the
DC geared motors.
The
Inputs to the Arduino are given by all the 3 sensors namely temperature and
humidity Sensor (DHT11), moisture sensor(FC-28) 2 in number.
Temperature Sensor Control Working :
The
temperature sensor senses the temperature of the heating inside the heating
chamber, keeping a range of allowable temperatures of the heating chamber,
which is 35’ C to 42’ C the exhaust fans are designed to run only in this range
of allowable temperature which helps to blow the hot air on to the conveyor
belts.
The
dual channel relay module will cut the power supply to the DC fans when the
temperature detected is out of the range.
Moisture Sensor Control Working:
Another
input to the Arduino uno is the moisture sensor which detects the moisture from
the wet harvested grains which are evenly layered on the conveyor belts.
Post-harvest grains usually contain a moisture content of about 25-30%, which
is not the ideal moisture content to store these grains. Therefore, after
drying the grains using a dryer, the moisture content comes down to 12-14%,
which is ideally enough to store these grains for a period of 6-12 months.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The
hardware structure is designed as shown in Figure 4.2, the conveyor belts are
made using netted material to provide flexibility and holes to penetrate the
air through the grains and conveyor belt. Arduino Uno is coded based on the
requirements and connections to various components. The detailed explanation
about the experimental setup of the dryer is explained in this section.
A. Interfacing of Arduino Uno , Temperature
& humidity sensor (DHT11), relay and DC fans:
Pin
A0 of Arduino is connected to the data pin of the DHT11 temperature and
humidity sensor, VCC and GND pins are given to the supply. The relay module is
connected to the A1 and A2 pins of the Arduino and the DC fans are connected
internally to the relay so provide the switching actions.
B. Heating Coil Control
To
regulate the speed of the fan, the temperature sensor (DHT11) and moisture
sensor are defined as inputs to the Arduino Uno at pin number A0 and A1
respectively. Taking in the temperature and moisture values, the Arduino thus
defines a control strategy. It is a crucial step to control the speed of the
fan and the heating coil temperature as it may over dry the grains or under dry
them resulting in a loss and spoilage of grains . After a lot of trials and
errors, the temperature value was set accordingly and considering the fact the
moisture content in the grains should be in the range of 12-14 %, these values
are predefined and set.
C. Interfacing of Arduino uno, Moisture sensor,
L298N H bridge motor driver IC :
Pin
A2 of the Arduino board is connected to the data pin of the moisture sensor,
VCC and GND pins are given to the supply. The L298N H Bridge motor driver IC is
connected to the pins 8, 9 and 10 of the Arduino, and the motor is internally
supplied and connected to the L298N motor driver IC.
D. Motor Driver and Moisture Content Control
In
order to regulate the speed of the conveyor belt motor, the moisture sensor
value is the key parameter which gives input to the Arduino Uno. As stated in
the introduction, the moisture content which is ideal for storing the grains
for a period of 6-12 months is about 12 - 14%, thereby the band range for the
moisture content of the grains in the program is 12 - 14%. The speed of the
motor is controlled as follows: If the moisture content of the grains is lesser
than 15%, the Johnson DC motor runs at half its speed of 5 rpm. If the moisture
content of the grains is greater than 11%, the Johnson DC motor runs at full
speed of 10rpm.
The
entire control circuitry is interfaced and placed on a suitable platform and
attached to the top right corner of the outer enclosure model of the model.
There are two Arduino Uno's used to control the entire circuit as the number of
analog input output pins were not sufficient to connect all the sensors, relays
and motor driver circuits into a single Arduino Uno. The connections to Arduino
Uno–1 comes from the moisture sensor-2 and the L298N motor driver IC and breadboard,
these connections form the motor driver control circuitry along with the
moisture sensor. The connections to Arduino Uno–2 comes from the moisture
sensor-1, temperature and humidity sensor (DHT11), and 5V dual channel relay
module and bread board. These connections form the heating coil control
circuitry
COMPONENT
EXPLANATION
Arduino UNO Overview
The
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The
Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI
USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno
board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to
put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:
1.0 pinout: Added SDA and SCL pins that are near
to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF
that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In
future, shields will be compatible both with the board that uses the AVR, which
operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second
one is a not connected pin that is reserved for future purposes.
Fig.6.1
(a) Arduino UNO
Microcontroller : ATmega328
Operating Voltage : 5V
Input Voltage : (recommended)
7-12V
Input Voltage : (limits)
6-20V
Digital I/O Pins : 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input : Pins
6
DC Current per I/O Pin : 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin : 50 mA
Flash Memory : 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM : 2 KB
EEPROM : 1
KB
Clock Speed : 16
MHz
Fig.6.1(b) Overview of ARDUINO
UNO
Power
- The
Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
- External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in
the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
- The
board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with
less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
VIN. The input voltage to the
Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts
from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access
it through this pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V
from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either
from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the
board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by
the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
Memory
The
ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).
Input and Output
Each
of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal
pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some
pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used
to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to
the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These
pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach-interrupt() function for
details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.
Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These
pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED
connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when
the pin is LOW, it's off.
The
Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using
the AREF pin and the analog reference() function. Additionally, some pins have
specialized functionality:
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin.
Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
- AREF.
Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
- Reset.
Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
See
also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the
Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.
Communication
The
Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL
(5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1
(TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB
and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2
firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.
However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a
serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but
not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A
SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins. The ATmega328 also
supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire
library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For
SPI communication, use the SPI library.
Programming
The
Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller
on your board).
The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-burned with a bootloader that allows you
to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol ( C header files).
You
can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP
(In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.
The
ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by:
On
Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the
map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
On
Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulls the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You
can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an
external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).
Automatic (Software) Reset
Rather
than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running
on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability
to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This
setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is
running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes
of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.
If
a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data
when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates
waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The
Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on
either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by
connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread
for details.
USB Overcurrent Protection
The
Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA
is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection
until the short or overload is removed.
DHT11 Temperature and
Humidity Sensor
DHT11
is a part of DHTXX series of Humidity sensors. The other sensor in this series
is DHT22. Both these sensors are Relative Humidity (RH) Sensor. As a result,
they will measure both the humidity and temperature. Although DHT11 Humidity
Sensors are cheap and slow, they are very popular among hobbyists and
beginners.
Fig 6.2(a).DHT11 Temperature
and humidity sensor
The
DHT11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor consists of 3 main components. A
resistive type humidity sensor, an NTC (negative temperature coefficient)
thermistor (to measure the temperature) and an 8-bit microcontroller, which
converts the analog signals from both the sensors and sends out a single
digital signal. This digital signal can be read by any microcontroller or
microprocessor for further analysis.
Fig 6.2(b).DHT11 pin
representation
DHT11 Humidity Sensor consists of 4 pins: VCC,
Data Out, Not Connected (NC) and GND. The range of voltage for VCC pin is 3.5V
to 5.5V. A 5V supply would do fine. The data from the Data Out pin is a serial
digital data.
The
fig.4.2(c) shows a typical application circuit for DHT11 Humidity and
Temperature Sensor. DHT11 Sensor can measure a humidity value in the range of
20 – 90% of Relative Humidity (RH) and a temperature in the range of 0 – 500C.
The sampling period of the sensor is 1 second i.e.
Fig.6.2©Application circuit
All the DHT11 Sensors are accurately
calibrated in the laboratory and the results are stored in the memory. A single
wire communication can be established between any microcontroller like Arduino
and the DHT11 Sensor.
Also, the length of the cable can be
as long as 20 meters. The data from the sensor consists of integral and decimal
parts for both Relative Humidity (RH) and temperature.
L293D IC (DC MOTOR
DRIVER):
FIG.6.3(a): L293 & L293D
Driver ICs
The
L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed
to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to
36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to
600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive
inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as
well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive
circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source.
Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers
3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN.
When
an enabled input is high, the associated drivers are enabled and their outputs
are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those
drivers are disabled and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.
With
the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge)
reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications. On the L293,
external high-speed output clamp diodes should be used for inductive transient
suppression. A VCC1 terminal, separate from VCC2, is provided for the logic
inputs to minimize device power dissipation. The L293and L293D are
characterized for operation from 0°C to 70°C.
Fig.6.3(b). Control of DC
motors with an H-bridge IC
Fig.6.3. (c) Truth table and
description of L293D IC with DC motor
DC Gear
Motor Working:
Geared
DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its
Insight details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly
attached to the motor. The speed of the motor is counted in terms of rotations
of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear assembly helps in
increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct combination of
gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This
concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is
known as gear reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and
major details that make the gear head and hence the working of geared DC
motors.
External
Structure
At the first sight, the external
structure of a DC geared motor looks as a straight expansion over the simple DC
ones.
The lateral view of the motor
shows the outer protrudes of the gear head. A nut is placed near the shaft
which helps in mounting the motor to the other parts of the assembly.
Fig.6.3.(d).Lateral view of DC Geared motor.
Also, an internally threaded hole is
there on the shaft to allow attachments or extensions such as wheels to be
attached to the motor.
Outer Body
of Gear Head & Rear View
The outer body of the gear head is
made of high density plastic but it is quite easy to open as only screws are
used to attach the outer and the inner structure. The major reason behind this
could be to lubricate the gear head from time to time.
The plastic body has a threading
through which nut can be easily mounted and vice versa from the gear head.
Fig.6.3.(e).Outer body of DC Gear Head
Rear View
The rear view of the geared motor is
similar to the DC motor and it has two wires soldered to it.
Fig.6.3.(f).Rear view of DC Gear Head.
Internal
Structure
On opening the outer plastic casing
of the gear head, gear assemblies on the top as well as on the bottom part of
the gear head are visible. These gear assemblies are highly lubricated with
grease so as to avoid any sort of wear and tear due to frictional forces. Shown
below is the top part of the gear head. It is connected to a rotating shaft and
has one gear that allows the rotation. A strong circular imprint shows the
presence of the gear that rotates the gear at the upper portion.
Bottom Gear
Assembly
A closer look at the bottom gear
assembly shows the structure and connection with other gears.
Fig.6.3(h).Internal structure of DC Gear motor.
Gear assembly’s association with the
motor (bottom gear assembly) can be understood with the help of the image shown
below.
Fig.6.3.(I).Bottom Gear assembly.
The gear assembly is set up on two
metallic cylinders whose working can be called as similar to that of an axle. A
total of three gears combine on these two cylinders to form the bottom gear
assembly out of which two gears share the same axle while one gear comes in
between them and takes a separate axle.
The gears are basically in form of a small sprocket but
since they are not connected by a chain, they can be termed as duplex gears in
terms of a second cog arrangement coaxially over the base. Among the three
gears, two are exactly the same while the third one is bigger in terms of the
number of teeth at the upper layer of the duplex gear. The third gear is
connected to the gear at the upper portion of the gear head.
Working
Working of
the DC Geared Motor
The DC motor works over a fair range
of voltage. The higher the input voltage more is the RPM (rotations per minute)
of the motor. For example, if the motor works in the range of 6-12V, it will
have the least RPM at 6V and maximum at 12 V.
In terms of
voltage, we can put the equation as:
RPM = K1 * V, where,
K1 =
induced voltage constant
V =
voltage applied
Fig.6.3(j).DC Geared motor.
The working of the gears is very
interesting to know. It can be explained by the principle of conservation of
angular momentum. The gear having smaller radius will cover more RPM than the
one with larger radius. However, the larger gear will give more torque to the
smaller gear than vice versa. The comparison of angular velocity between input
gear (the one that transfers energy) to output gear gives the gear ratio. When
multiple gears are connected together, conservation of energy is also
followed. The direction in which the other gear rotates is always the
opposite of the gear adjacent to it.
In any DC motor, RPM and torque are
inversely proportional. Hence the gear having more torque will provide a lesser
RPM and converse. In a geared DC motor, the concept of pulse width modulation
is applied. The equations detailing the working and torque transfer of
gears are shown below:
In a geared DC motor, the gear
connecting the motor and the gearhead is quite small, hence it transfers more
speed to the larger teeth part of the gear head and makes it rotate. The larger
part of the gear further turns the smaller duplex part. The small duplex part
receives the torque but not the speed from its predecessor which it transfers
to larger parts of other gear and so on. The third gear’s duplex part has more
teeth than others and hence it transfers more torque to the gear that is
connected to the shaft.
2 X 16 LCD DISPLAYS:
Liquid
crystal display (LCD) has material which joins together the properties of both
liquid and crystals. They have a temperature range within which the particles
are essentially as mobile as they might be in a liquid, however are gathered
together in an order form similar to a crystal.
The
LCD is much more informative output device than a single LED. The LCD is a
display that can easily show characters on its screen. They have a couple of
lines to large displays. Some LCDs are specially designed for specific
applications to display graphic images. 16×2 LCD (HD44780) module is commonly
used. These modules are replacing 7-segments and other multi-segment LEDs. LCD
can be easily interfaced with microcontroller to display a message or status of
the device. It can be operated in two modes: 4-bit mode and 8-bit mode. This
LCD has two registers namely command register and data register. It is having
three selection lines and 8 data lines. By connecting the three selection lines
and data lines with the microcontroller, the messages can be displayed on LCD.
16X2 LCD pinout diagram
LCD interfacing with Microcontrollers-4bit mode
In
4-bit mode the data is sent in nibbles, first we send the higher nibble and
then the lower nibble. To enable the 4-bit mode of LCD, we need to follow
special sequence of initialization that tells the LCD controller that user has
selected 4-bit mode of operation. We call this special sequence as resetting
the LCD. Following is the reset sequence of LCD.
- Wait
for about 20mS
- Send
the first init value (0x30)
- Wait
for about 10mS
- Send
second init value (0x30)
- Wait
for about 1mS
- Send
third init value (0x30)
- Wait
for 1mS
- Select
bus width (0x30 - for 8-bit and 0x20 for 4-bit)
- Wait
for 1mS
The busy flag will only be
valid after the above reset sequence. Usually we do not use busy flag in 4-bit
mode as we have to write code for reading two nibbles from the LCD. Instead we
simply put a certain amount of delay usually 300 to 600uS. This delay might
vary depending on the LCD you are using, as you might have a different crystal
frequency on which LCD controller is running. So it actually depends on the LCD
module you are using. So if you feel any problem running the LCD, simply try to
increase the delay. This usually works.
LCD connections in 4-bit Mode
Above
is the connection diagram of LCD in 4-bit mode, where we only need 6 pins to
interface an LCD. D4-D7 are the data pins connection and Enable and Register
select are for LCD control pins. We are not using Read/Write (RW) Pin of the
LCD, as we are only writing on the LCD so we have made it grounded permanently.
If you want to use it. Then you may connect it on your controller but that will
only increase another pin and does not make any big difference. Potentiometer
RV1 is used to control the LCD contrast. The unwanted data pins of LCD i.e.
D0-D3 are connected to ground.
Sealed Maintenance Free
Battery:
Battery (electricity), an
array of electrochemical cells
for electricity storage,
either individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single
unit. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical
cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries
may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids
and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone
exchanges or computer data centers.
Figure.6.4: SMF Battery
PV CELLS WORK:
Fig.6.5(a).PV cells
A
typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an ultra-thin
layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a thicker layer of boron
doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is created near the top surface of
the cell where these two materials are in contact, called the P-N junction. Since
the top of the cell must be open to sunlight, a thin grid of metal is applied
to the top instead of a continuous layer. The grid must be thin enough to admit
adequate amounts of sunlight, but wide enough to carry adequate amounts of
electrical energy.
Fig.6.5(b).working of PV Cells.
Light,
including sunlight, is sometimes described as particles called
"photons." As sunlight strikes a photovoltaic cell, photons move into
the cell. When a photon strikes an electron, it dislodges it, leaving an empty
"hole". The loose electron moves toward the top layer of the cell. As
photons continue to enter the cell, electrons continue to be dislodged and move
upwards. If an electrical path exists outside the cell between the top grid and
the backplane of the cell, a flow of electrons begins. Loose electrons move out
the top of the cell and into the external electrical circuit. Electrons from
further back in the circuit move up to fill the empty electron holes. Most
cells produce a voltage of about one-half volt, regardless of the surface area
of the cell. However, the larger the cell, the more current it will produce. The
resistance of the circuit of the cell will affect the current and voltage. The
amount of available light affects current production. The temperature of the
cell affects its voltage.
Regardless
of size, a typical silicon PV cell produces about 0.5 – 0.6 volt DC under
open-circuit, no-load conditions. The current (and power) output of a PV cell
depends on its efficiency and size (surface area), and is proportional to the
intensity of sunlight striking the surface of the cell. For example, under peak
sunlight conditions a typical commercial PV cell with a surface area of 160
cm^2 (~25 in^2) will produce about 2 watts peak power. If the sunlight
intensity were 40 percent of peak, this cell would produce about 0.8 watts.
TYPES OF PV CELLS
The four general types of photovoltaic cells
are:
- Single-crystal
silicon.
- Polycrystalline
silicon (also known as multicrystalline silicon).
- Ribbon
silicon.
- Amorphous
silicon (abbreviated as "aSi," also known as thin film silicon).
Buck-boost converter
Buck-boost
converter circuit combines element of
both buck converter and boost converter.
Working: Is to receive an input DC
voltage and output a different level of DC voltage,either lowering or boosting
the voltage as required by the application.
CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS
This
project can be used in Dal mill industries for long term storage at lower
moisture content;
This
project can be used in Warehouse for a long time storage at lower moisture
content;
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
The
proposed project demonstrates how the grains after harvesting can be dried
easily without any hassle and time delay. The model gave a fairly good idea of
how the system can be implemented on a larger scale keeping the same idea and
prospectus in mind. In addition to the time saving aspect of the farmers, it
also shows how the technologically advanced controlling action, where each
aspect of the grain is measured and controlled to give accurate and effective
results. The proposed system is portable and handy to use and does not require
any expertise on the operation as everything works automatically. The system is
most suited for small and medium scale farmers who don’t have the accessibility
to use technologically advanced expensive dryers. The work of the farmer is
eliminated as he does not have to spread the grains across huge landfills to dry
them under the sun. The drying process can be completed within a few hours in
this system.
Keeping
the present temperature of Bangalore in mind, the output of the solar panel is
good and it could achieve up to 10V, by using boost converter at the output has
reached the voltage up to 30V DC with 1 amp current.
The
initial cost and the running cost of the proposed system is very less as all
the components used are very cost effective and are readily available. The
developed system can be used to dry grains such as wheat, paddy, lentils, ragi,
millets, corn and coffee.
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and Computer Communications (ETNCC) (pp.320-323). IEEE. Parkes, D.H., Shivers
Inc, 1986. Grain dryer system. U.S. Patent 4,599,809.
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